Adapter cards are standardized expansion components designed to extend or convert hardware interfaces within computing and embedded systems. By utilizing PCI, PCIe, or legacy bus architectures, these cards provide additional I/O capabilities such as serial communication (RS232/RS485), network interfaces (Gigabit/10GbE Ethernet), storage connectivity (SATA/SAS), or display outputs (HDMI/DP/VGA). Engineered for use in industrial automation, data acquisition systems, server platforms, and embedded computing, adapter cards support integration of peripheral functions without altering the base system design. This modularity enhances system flexibility, simplifies maintenance, and reduces time-to-deployment for custom configurations.